Astaxanthin and Omegas

Astaxanthin and Omegas

astaxanthin



https://www.victoriahealth.com/editorial/astaxanthin-protects-the-whole-body

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https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1063/astaxanthin


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https://www.lifeextension.com/vitamins-supplements/fish-oil-omegashttps://www.lifeextension.com/aff

https://www.lifeextension.com/lab-testing/itemlc100028/weight-loss-panel-comprehensive-blood-test

http://www.lifeextensionretail.com


https://www.rxlist.com/astaxanthin/supplements.htm

Astaxanthin in Skin Health, Repair, and Disease: A Comprehensive Review

Sergio Davinelli,1,* Michael E. Nielsen,2 and Giovanni Scapagnini1

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This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.

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Abstract

Astaxanthin, a xanthophyll carotenoid, is a secondary metabolite naturally synthesized by a number of bacteria, microalgae, and yeasts. The commercial production of this pigment has traditionally been performed by chemical synthesis, but the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis appears to be the most promising source for its industrial biological production. Due to its collective diverse functions in skin biology, there is mounting evidence that astaxanthin possesses various health benefits and important nutraceutical applications in the field of dermatology. Although still debated, a range of potential mechanisms through which astaxanthin might exert its benefits on skin homeostasis have been proposed, including photoprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. This review summarizes the available data on the functional role of astaxanthin in skin physiology, outlines potential mechanisms involved in the response to astaxanthin, and highlights the potential clinical implications associated with its consumption.

Keywords: astaxanthin, skin, aging, ultraviolet, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune-enhancing, DNA repair, clinical trials

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1. Introduction

The ketocarotenoid astaxanthin (ASX), 3,30-dihydroxy-b,b-carotene-4,40-dione, was originally isolated from a lobster by Kuhn and Sorensen [1]. Currently, ASX is a renowned compound for its commercial application in various industries comprising aquaculture, food, cosmetics, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals. ASX was first commercially used for pigmentation only in the aquaculture industry to increase ASX content in farmed salmonids and obtain the characteristic orange-red color of the flesh. ASX is ubiquitous in nature, especially found in the marine environment as a red-orange pigment common to many aquatic animals such as salmonids, shrimp, and crayfish. ASX is primarily biosynthesized by microalgae/phytoplankton, accumulating in zooplankton and crustaceans and subsequently in fish, from where it is added to the higher levels in the food chain. Although ASX can be also synthesized by plants, bacteria, and microalgae, the chlorophyte alga Haematococcus pluvialis is considered to have the highest capacity to accumulate ASX [2]. It is worth mentioning that currently, 95% of ASX available in the market is produced synthetically using petrochemicals due to cost-efficiency for mass production. Safety issues have arisen regarding the use of synthetic ASX for human consumption, while the ASX derived from H. pluvialis is the main source for several human applications, including dietary supplements, cosmetics, and food. There are several ASX stereoisomers in nature ((3S, 3′S), (3R, 3′R), and (3R, 3′S)) that differ in the configuration of the two hydroxyl groups on the molecule. The predominant form found in H. pluvialis and in salmon species is the stereoisomer form 3S, 3′S [3]. In addition, ASX has several essential biological functions in marine animals, including pigmentation, protection against ultraviolet (UV) light effects, communication, immune response, reproductive capacity, stress tolerance, and protection against oxidation of macromolecules [4]. ASX is strictly related to other carotenoids, such as zeaxanthin, lutein, and β-carotene; therefore, it shares numerous metabolic and physiological functions attributed to carotenoids. However, ASX is more bioactive than zeaxanthin, lutein, and β-carotene. This is mainly due to the presence of a keto- and a hydroxyl group on each end of its molecule. Moreover, unlike other carotenoids, ASX is not converted into vitamin A. Because of its molecular structure, ASX has unique features that support its potential use in promoting human health. In particular, the polar end groups quench free radicals, while the double bonds of its middle segment remove high-energy electrons. These unique chemical properties explain some of its features, particularly a higher antioxidant activity than other carotenoids [5]. In addition, ASX preserves the integrity of cell membranes by inserting itself in their bilayers, protects the redox state and functional integrity of mitochondria, and demonstrates benefits mostly at a very modest dietary intake, since its strongly polar nature optimizes the rate and extent of its absorption [6,7].

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5946307/

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Astaxanthin

Chemical compound

Description

Astaxanthin is a keto-carotenoid. It belongs to a larger class of chemical compounds known as terpenes built from five carbon precursors, isopentenyl diphosphate, and dimethylallyl diphosphate. Wikipedia

Formula: C₄₀H₅₂O₄

Molar mass: 596.841 g/mol

IUPAC ID: (6S)-6-Hydroxy-3-[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E,17E)-18-[(4S)-4-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-3-oxo-1-cyclohexenyl]-3,7,12,16-tetramethyloctadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaenyl]-2,4,4-trimethyl-1-cyclohex-2-enone

Boiling point: 1,425°F (774°C)

Density: 1.07 g/cm³

Solubility: 30 g/L in DCM; 10 g/L in CHCl₃; 0.5 g/L in DMSO; 0.2 g/L in acetone

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